Functional foods have specific health benefits such as prevention or
treatment of diseases.
Fatty Acids are either omega-3 fatty acids (DHA/EPA) or conjugated
linoleic acid (CLA). Omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the risk of
cardiovascular disease and improve visual and mental function.
They are found in fish, tuna, marine oils and flax seeds.
Conjugated Linoleic acid can improve the body's composition and decrease
the risk of some caners. They are found in meats and cheese.
|
Class
|
Subclasses
|
Health Benefits
|
Food Sources
|
Phenols
|
protects
plants from oxidative damage & does same for humans
|
fights against
allergies, inflammation, free radicals, ulcers, viruses and
tumors, high blood pressure, platelet stickiness which can
contribute to heart disease.
Reduces estrogen production and reduces risk of
estrogen-induced cancers.
May impair development of cataracts in people with diabetes. |
berries, wine, tea, grapes and purple eggplant |
| |
Caffeic
& Ferulic Acids |
May prevent
the formation of carcinogens in the stomach |
fruits,
vegetables, citrus |
| |
Carnosol |
An
antioxidant that may prevent cholesterol oxidation and prevent
cancer. |
rosemary |
| |
Catechins, Gallic Acids:
- differ in chemical structure from other
flavinoids but share same chemopreventive properties
most common catechins are gallic esters below: |
|
|
| |
-epicatechin
(EC) |
-neutralize
free radicals, may reduce risk of cancer |
-green tea
(camellia sinensis) |
| |
-epicatechin
gallate (ECG) |
-neutralize
free radicals, may reduce risk of cancer |
-green tea
(camellia sinensis) |
| |
-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) |
-neutralize
free radicals, may reduce risk of cancer |
-green tea
(camellia sinensis) |
| |
Flavonoids
-previously referred to as vitamin P
-more than 1500 different types including those listed below:
|
|
-green
veggies, kale, spinach |
| |
Anthocyanins
& Anthocyanidins |
-neutralize
free radicals, may reduce risk of cancer |
-brightly
coloured fruits & veggies: berries, eggplant skin, red cabbage |
| |
Catechins |
-neutralize
free radicals, may reduce risk of cancer |
-tea, grapes,
wine |
| |
Flavanones:
-hesperidin
-silybin
-xanthohumol |
-neutralize
free radicals, may reduce risk of cancer |
-citrus, milk
thistle, beer hops |
| |
Flavones:
-apigenin |
-neutralizes
free radicals, may reduce risk of cancer |
-celery,
parsley, apples |
| |
Flavonols:
-quercetin
-rutin
-ginkgoflavonglycosides |
|
-grapefruit,
buckwheat, ginkgo, grapes, wine, onions |
| |
Phytoestrogens
-found in most plant varieties
-includes: |
-block uptake
of cholesterol and speed excretion of it from body
-may protect vs cancers of the colon, breast and prostate
|
-seeds of
green & yellow vegetables including: pumpkins, yams, soy, rice
and herbs |
| |
Isoflavones:
-function much like flavonoids (see below)
-includes following types: |
|
-soybeans &
soy-based foods & other legumes |
| |
genistein and
daidzein |
-may protect
vs heart disease and some cancers; may lower LDL cholesterol |
-in soy
products and herb Kudzu |
| |
Lignans |
-Plant
phenolics converted in the intestines to a type of phytoestrogen
("plant" estrogen) with antioxidant properties. As a weak
estrogen, lignans may reduce risk of hormone-related cancers by
tying up the estrogen receptors on cells.
-lowers LDL & total cholesterol & triglycerides |
-flax or
sesame seeds and flour, rye, whole grain products, vegetables
and some berries |
| |
|
|
|
|
Plant Sterols |
Stanol
Ester |
-lowers blood
cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol absorption |
-corn, soy,
wheat, wood oils, nuts, sesame or sunflower seeds |
| |
|
|
|
|
Prebiotic & Probiotics |
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) |
-may improve
gastrointestinal health |
-Jerusalem
artichokes, shallots, onion powder |
| |
Lactobacillus |
-may improve
gastrointestinal health |
-yogurt,
other dairy |
| |
|
|
|
|
Saponins |
|
-may help
control blood cholesterol, triglycerides and blood sugar
-contains anticancer enzymes |
-soybeans,
soy foods, soy protein-containing foods, beans |
| |
|
|
|
|
Soy Protein |
|
25 grams per
day may reduce risk of heat disease |
soybeans and
soy-based foods |
| |
|
|
|
|
Terpenes |
-one of
largest classes
-a family of chemical substances in the essential oils of plants
-found in many plant varieties
-protect plants from oxygen damage that attacks human cells
|
-act as
antioxidants, protecting fats, blood and other body fluids from
free radical damage |
-tomatoes,
parsley, oranges, pink grapefruit, spinach, red palm oil |
| |
Carotenoids:
-bright yellow, orange & red plant pigments
-includes |
-serves as
antioxidant by neutralizing cancer-promoting free-radicals that
can damage healthy cells
-may protect vs lung, breast, colorectal, uterine and prostate
cancers |
|
| |
-alpha
carotene:
|
-antioxidant
that body changes to vitamin A as needed
-linked to reduced risk of lung cancer |
-carrots, |
| |
-beta
carotene |
-antioxidant
that body changes to vitamin A as needed
-may play a role in slowing progression of lung and oral cancers |
-carrots,
dark leafy greens & other red, orange and yellow fruits &
veggies |
| |
-lutein |
a powerful
antioxidant and one of two carotenoids found in the eye. These
yellow pigments are believed to filter out harmful blue light
and protect against age-related macular degeneration, the
leading cause of blindness in people over 65
more resistant to cooking than other carotenoids, it's also
associated with decreased lung cancer risk.
|
green
vegetables like spinach and collard greens |
| |
lycopene:
gives red color to tomatoes, guava, rosehip, watermelon, and
pink grapefruit |
helps reduce
risk of macular degenerative disease, serum lipid oxidation and
cancers of the lung, bladder, cervix, and skin. |
lycopene in tomatos absorbed better from tomato products such as juices,
sauces, paste and ketchup |
| |
zeaxanthin |
helps
maintain healthy eyesight |
eggs,
citrus, corn |
| |
Limonoids:
|
it is used
in Japan to dissolve gallstones
protects lung tissue |
citrus
peels/oils, as well as garlic and the oils of other plants |
| |
|
|
|
|
Thiols |
Organo
or Allylic Sulfides:
these compounds are released when foods are cut or smashed includes: |
process
antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties, as well as immune
and cardiovascular protection
-offer antigrowth activity for tumors, fungi, parasites and
cholesterol
-activate liver detoxification enzyme systems |
garlic,
onions, leeks, shallots, chives, |
| |
Allyl methyl
trisulfide |
may boost
enzyme cancer detox systems and prevent bacteria from converting
nitrates into substances that help make carcinogens |
onions,
garlic, olives, leeks, scallions |
| |
Diallyl
sulfide |
may boost
enzyme cancer detox systems and prevent bacteria from converting
nitrates into substances that help make carcinogens |
onions,
garlic, olives, leeks, scallions |
| |
Glucosinolates
including isothiocyanates, dithiolthiones, and sulforaphane |
powerful
activators of liver detoxification enzymes and protect vs
cancers of the breast, liver, colon, lung, stomach and esophagus
also regulate white blood cells and immune system |
cruciferous
vegetables |
| |
|
|
|
Tocotrienols & Tocopherols
|
alpha
tocopherol is most common form of vitamin E, found in both body
and in supplements
gamma tocopherol is primary source of vitamin E in diet |
tocotrienols
appear to inhibit breast cancer
tocopherols do not appear to have the same preventative effect |
in grains |